Organ Harvesting Industry Chain and the Belt and Road Initiative of CCP

Introduction

This investigation report, conducted by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong (WOIPFG), aims to shed light on the profound connection between the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) industrialized organ transplant system and its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The report focuses on analyzing how the CCP utilizes the BRI platform to expand its illegal live organ harvesting model, considered a crime against humanity, to the international community. In recent years, the number of organ transplant cases in China has surged, with exceptionally short waiting times and an unusually abundant supply of organs. These factors indicate the existence of a large-scale, systematically concealed live organ harvesting system, constituting a crime against humanity.

The report examines how the CCP leverages the BRI to promote a transnational organ transplant cooperation network, exporting its suspected organ transplant model to countries along the BRI routes. Through telephone investigations, data comparisons, document reviews, and field surveys, the report has gathered significant evidence, including:

Abnormal Organ Supply: Many hospitals in China use Falun Gong practitioners as a source of living organ donors.
Unusually Short Waiting Times: Organ transplant waiting times range from a few days to a few weeks, far shorter than international standards.
Data Discrepancies: The actual number of transplant cases far exceeds the official figures reported by the CCP, inconsistent with the number of voluntary organ donations.

These findings form the basis for allegations that the CCP’s organ transplant system relies on a systematic live organ harvesting mechanism, constituting a crime against humanity.

I. Overview of China’s Organ Transplant System

1. Significant Discrepancies Between Official and Actual Data

Official CCP data on organ transplants reveals serious inconsistencies with the actual number of transplant cases. According to public data, as of December 2023, the number of voluntary organ donors in China, based on international standards, ranged from 1,573 to 3,151 cases. However, the official figure reported by the CCP was 49,857 cases, over ten times higher than the estimated number based on international standards. This discrepancy cannot be explained by ordinary statistical errors.

Moreover, in regions with high transplant volumes, official donation data is nearly nonexistent. For example, Beijing, a major organ transplant hub in China, has 23 large hospitals performing significant numbers of transplants, yet the Beijing Red Cross reported no donation activities. The Peking University People’s Hospital claimed to have performed over 4,000 liver and kidney transplants in a single year, a figure unattainable with only voluntary donations.

The number of transplant hospitals in China has also grown rapidly. In 2017, Huang Jiefu, former Vice Minister of Health, announced that the number of transplant hospitals would increase to 500 within five years. By 2020, he proposed a target of 300 hospitals, with an annual transplant volume of 50,000 cases. This scale far exceeds the capacity of a voluntary donation system, raising serious questions about the source of organs.

2. Contradictions Between Claims of Voluntary Donations and Reality

In 2015, the CCP announced it would cease using organs from executed prisoners and transition to a voluntary citizen donation system. However, this claim contradicts reality. In 2010, the voluntary donation system was only piloted in 10 cities with negligible results. Yet, after the 2015 announcement to stop using prisoner organs, transplant numbers did not decline but reached new highs, particularly in provinces like Guizhou, where transplant volumes far exceeded reported donations.

WOIPFG’s telephone investigations revealed that Red Cross donation organizations and hospital organ procurement organizations (OPOs) reported donation numbers far lower than actual transplant cases. For instance, in Guizhou, the Guizhou Medical University Hospital performed over 600 kidney transplants in 2021, while the province’s donation numbers were insufficient to support this volume.

Additionally, major hospitals like Zhejiang University Medical Hospital and Kunming First People’s Hospital rapidly expanded their scale, increasing bed capacity and transplant teams, which is inconsistent with the growth rate of a voluntary donation system.

3. Contradictory Statements by Officials like Huang Jiefu

Huang Jiefu, a key figure in China’s organ transplant system, has made numerous contradictory statements. In 2017, he claimed that “organ transplant tourism” had ended in China by 2016. However, investigations show this practice was thriving. By early 2024, Huang openly encouraged foreigners to come to China for transplants, stating that “China has abundant resources.”

Huang’s statements on organ sources are also inconsistent. He claimed China stopped using executed prisoners’ organs in 2015 but failed to explain how the voluntary donation system could support the large transplant volume in such a short time. In 2023, at a conference on the China Organ Transplant Response System (COTRS), Guo Yanhong, a National Health Commission official, emphasized 2023 as a critical year for developing the transplant industry, aiming to make China a “transplant superpower.” These statements further fuel suspicions about organ sources.

4. Analysis of Unusually Short Organ Waiting Times

One of the most abnormal aspects of China’s organ transplant system is the extremely short waiting times for organs. While Western countries typically have waiting times of 3-5 years for kidneys and 2-3 years for livers, many Chinese hospitals claim they can arrange transplants within weeks or even days.

WOIPFG’s telephone investigations revealed:

Beijing Friendship Hospital: Claims to be Asia’s largest kidney transplant center, capable of arranging transplants quickly.
Hainan Medical University Second Hospital: A doctor stated, “Some cases are done the same day; usually, it’s 4-5 days.”
Beijing You’an Hospital: A doctor noted, “It can be done immediately upon arrival.”

Notably, some hospitals even reported cases of “organs seeking patients” or “surplus organs.” For example, Shulan Hospital (Hangzhou) was found to have surplus organs, with kidney transplants costing around 400,000 RMB, and the hospital guaranteed organs from young donors within a month. This phenomenon is entirely contrary to a voluntary donation system, which relies on randomness and unpredictable organ availability.

II. The Belt and Road Initiative as a Platform for Internationalizing Organ Transplantation

1. Beijing Conference 2016: Starting Point for Internationalizing Organ Harvesting Crimes

From October 17-19, 2016, the CCP hosted the “2016 International Organ Donation and Transplantation Conference” in Beijing, officially proposing the integration of organ transplant cooperation into the BRI and establishing the “Belt and Road International Organ Donation and Transplantation Cooperation Development Alliance.” The conference was organized by the China Human Organ Donation and Transplantation Committee, the China Organ Donation Administrative Center, the China Organ Transplantation Development Foundation, and the Chinese Hospital Association, with support from the World Health Organization (WHO) and international organizations like The Transplantation Society (TTS).

The conference was attended by high-ranking officials such as Liu Yandong, a Politburo member, and Chen Zhu, Chairman of the Chinese Red Cross. This event not only marked the CCP’s effort to legitimize its organ transplant system internationally but also served as the starting point for expanding the live organ harvesting model to other countries. Major Beijing hospitals, such as Peking University International Hospital and Beijing Friendship Hospital, showcased their large-scale transplant capabilities with unusually short waiting times, raising suspicions about organ sources.

2. Seven International Transplant Conferences (2016-2023)

From 2016 to 2023, the CCP organized seven international conferences on organ transplantation within the BRI framework, gradually promoting the internationalization of its dark organ transplant industry:

Beijing Conference 2016: Proposed the establishment of the BRI Organ Donation and Transplantation Cooperation Alliance.
Kunming Conference 2017: Huang Jiefu officially declared organ transplantation as part of the BRI, aiming to strengthen political and economic ties with Asia, Europe, East Africa, and Oceania.
Xi’an Conference 2018: Established Xi’an as a model transplant hub for Western China.
Kunming Conference 2019: Announced the “Kunming Consensus,” forming the BRI Organ Donation and Transplantation Cooperation Alliance, with representatives from 62 countries.
Guangzhou Conference 2020: Strengthened Guangzhou’s role as a transplant tourism hub, particularly for foreign patients.
Online Conference 2022: Launched a transplant training website, promoting internationalization through information management and data analysis.
Guangxi Conference 2023: Aimed to make Guangxi a major transplant province.

These conferences reflect a shift from international exchanges to concrete cooperation mechanisms, from theoretical discussions to practical project implementation, and from technical medical cooperation to building comprehensive training, research, and service systems.

3. Role of Senior CCP Leadership

The CCP mobilized senior officials to promote organ transplant cooperation within the BRI framework. Liu Yandong, a Politburo member, sent a congratulatory letter to the 2016 conference, signaling high-level support. Agencies like the National Health Commission and the Chinese Red Cross directly guided and supported related projects.

Huang Jiefu, as Chairman of the China Human Organ Donation and Transplantation Committee, played a central role in promoting the internationalization of organ transplantation. In 2017, he publicly proposed integrating organ transplantation into the BRI. By 2023, he emphasized implementing the “Kunming Consensus” as a key task, indicating the CCP’s systematic plan to expand its organ transplant model internationally.

4. Structure of the BRI Organ Donation and Transplantation Cooperation Alliance

The BRI Organ Donation and Transplantation Cooperation Alliance was established in 2019 in Kunming, initiated by the China Organ Transplantation Development Foundation, co-organized by the China Organ Donation Administrative Center, Spain’s DTI Foundation, and the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation. Zheng Shusen, former President of Zhejiang University Medical Hospital, served as the Chinese Chairman.

The alliance’s structure includes:

Decision-Making Level: The China Human Organ Donation and Transplantation Committee oversees strategic planning.
Implementation Level: The China Organ Transplantation Development Foundation and the Organ Donation Administrative Center manage projects, mobilize funds, and coordinate international cooperation.
Technical Level: Experts from leading transplant centers like Zhejiang University Medical Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Hospital, and Kunming First People’s Hospital develop technical standards and training.
Local Branches: Regional hubs in Kunming, Xi’an, Guangzhou, and Hainan, each with specific roles.
International Cooperation Network: Partnerships with medical institutions in BRI countries, such as agreements with Laos, Pakistan, and Spain.

The alliance operates through international conferences, the COTRS system, international doctor training, and technical exchanges, aiming to gain international recognition for the CCP’s opaque transplant model.

III. Regional Organ Transplant Industry Development Models

The CCP has established multiple regional organ transplant development models, effectively creating a specialized live organ harvesting system. These models include:

Kunming Model: Focuses on border regions, radiating to Southeast Asia.
Xi’an Model: A model transplant hub for Western China.
Guangzhou Model: A transplant tourism hub, particularly for Taiwanese patients.
Hainan Model: Building an international transplant base with special free port policies.

These models share common features: unusually short organ waiting times, rapid hospital expansion, and transplant volumes far exceeding official donation data, indicating an organized organ harvesting network.

1. Kunming Model: Radiating to Southeast Asia from Border Regions

The Kunming model leverages its proximity to Southeast Asia to export the organ transplant industry chain. Kunming First People’s Hospital is the main implementation hub, with transplant volumes for livers and kidneys surging after 2015, when the CCP claimed to stop using prisoner organs. Waiting times here range from days to weeks, incompatible with a voluntary donation system.

WOIPFG investigations revealed that hospital staff admitted to using organs from Falun Gong practitioners. Official donation data for Yunnan Province is insufficient to support the actual transplant volume. The hospital signed cooperation agreements with countries like Laos and Pakistan, becoming a tool to expand organ harvesting crimes to Southeast Asia. The 2019 “Kunming Consensus” provided a pseudo-legal framework for this expansion.

2. Kunming First People’s Hospital: A Case Study

Kunming First People’s Hospital is a key international cooperation hospital under the BRI. Post-2015, liver and kidney transplant numbers surged, with approximately 400-500 kidney transplants and over 300 liver transplants annually. Waiting times are typically 2-3 weeks, with some cases as short as one day.

In a 2016 telephone investigation, a nurse in the kidney transplant department admitted that organs from Falun Gong practitioners were used previously but “not allowed since last year.” This indirectly confirms prior use of such organs. The hospital collaborates with countries like Laos, Pakistan, and Spain, expanding the transplant model internationally.

3. “Kunming Consensus”: Content and Impact

At the 4th International Organ Donation and Transplantation Conference in Kunming in 2019, the “Kunming Consensus” was announced, with participation from WHO, TTS, and 62 countries. The document called for:

Promoting cooperation among BRI countries in organ donation and transplantation.
Establishing unified technical standards and operational procedures.
Enhancing personnel training and technical exchanges.
Building an information-sharing platform for organ donation and transplantation.

The “Kunming Consensus” serves as a tool for the CCP to legitimize its opaque transplant model, drawing multiple countries into the organ harvesting crime network. In 2023, Huang Jiefu called implementing the “Kunming Consensus” a “key task,” highlighting its strategic role in expanding the transplant industry internationally.

4. Xi’an Model: Model Transplant Hub for Western China

The Xi’an model establishes a live organ harvesting hub in Western China, with Xi’an Jiaotong University Hospital as the main center. Transplant numbers surged since 1999, coinciding with the CCP’s persecution of Falun Gong. By 2000, the hospital had performed over 1,000 kidney transplants and later established the Organ Transplantation Research Institute.

The hospital trained over 500 transplant doctors for 23 hospitals across 13 provinces, facilitating over 10,000 kidney transplants. By 2023, it completed 7,000 kidney transplants, with approximately 96.5% of organs from unclear sources. The Xi’an model, supported by the BRI, has expanded organ harvesting techniques domestically and internationally.

5. Xi’an Jiaotong University Hospital’s Training Network

Xi’an Jiaotong University Hospital serves as a training hub for organ transplantation in Western China. It developed a comprehensive training system, including theoretical education, surgical practice, and remote guidance. Training extends beyond kidneys to livers, hearts, lungs, and small intestines.

The hospital provided technical support to numerous regional hospitals, boosting annual transplant numbers to thousands. Through BRI conferences, it collaborated with BRI countries, exporting transplant techniques and standards, raising concerns about spreading live organ harvesting internationally.

6. Scope of Technical and Personnel Export

Xi’an Jiaotong University Hospital has exported transplant techniques and personnel to multiple provinces and BRI countries. Activities include:

Domestic Technical Expansion: Trained over 500 transplant doctors for regional hospitals.
Training System: Developed a comprehensive system from theory to practice.
Expanded Transplant Types: Supported other hospitals in performing liver, heart, lung, and small intestine transplants.
BRI International Cooperation: Trained doctors from BRI countries, as seen at the 2018 Xi’an Conference.

The Xi’an model is not only a technical hub but also a conduit for exporting the CCP’s transplant model internationally.

7. Guangzhou Model: Transplant Tourism Hub

The Guangzhou model focuses on attracting international patients, particularly from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. Sun Yat-sen University Hospital is the main hub, with a significant number of Taiwanese patients undergoing transplants. The 5th International Organ Donation and Transplantation Conference in Guangzhou in 2020 solidified the city’s role in the CCP’s international transplant network.

8. International Patients at Sun Yat-sen University Hospital System

Sun Yat-sen University Hospital, particularly its First Affiliated Hospital, is a primary destination for international patients. Dr. Sun Qiquan, former Director of the Kidney Transplant Department, led the department to a “leapfrog” growth, performing 103 kidney transplants in 2023, nearly triple the previous volume.

According to a 2019 Taiwan Oversight Institute report, Dr. Yuan Xiaopeng performed 66 kidney transplants for Taiwanese patients over three years, including eight instances of two transplants in one day and five in three days. This frequency is impossible in a standard voluntary donation system. A doctor at Guangxi Ethnic Hospital revealed that Sun Yat-sen University Hospital may use organs from Falun Gong practitioners.

9. Analysis of Taiwanese Patients Undergoing Transplants in China

Taiwan is a major market for China’s organ transplant industry. According to the Taiwan Oversight Institute, from July 2015 to September 2018, 368 Taiwanese patients went abroad for transplants, with 281 choosing China, primarily Sun Yat-sen University First Hospital (78 cases). The high surgical frequency and focus on a single doctor (Yuan Xiaopeng) suggest a specialized network serving Taiwanese patients.

Many cases were not fully reported per Taiwan’s regulations, with 73 cases lacking hospital or doctor details. This lack of transparency further fuels suspicions about organ sources.

10. Hainan Model: Building an International Transplant Base

The Hainan model leverages the special policies of the Hainan Free Trade Port to establish an international transplant base, integrating medical care, tourism, and recovery. The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University and the Hainan Branch of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital (301) are key facilities.

11. Special Policies of the Hainan Free Trade Port

Hainan is positioned as a free trade port with preferential policies, including:

Open Medical Access: Allowing extensive international cooperation and attracting foreign patients.
Talent Recruitment: Appointing top transplant experts, such as Wang Yi, Chairman of the Hainan Organ Transplant Committee.
Facilitated International Exchange: Supporting international medical cooperation.
Resource Concentration: Policies to build transplant centers.

Wang Yi publicly aimed to make Hainan a training hub for BRI country transplant doctors and an international transplant research center.

12. Strategic Layout of the Hainan Branch of PLA Hospital 301

The Hainan Branch of PLA Hospital 301, launched in 2009 in Sanya with a 13.2 billion RMB investment and 500 beds, marks the first time in 56 years that Hospital 301 established a local branch, highlighting its strategic importance. The hospital has a leading liver transplant team, with Huang Houbin as Vice Chairman of the Hainan Organ Transplant Committee.

13. Disparities in Organ Supply Rates Between Hainan and Mainland China

WOIPFG investigations revealed that organ waiting times in Hainan are significantly shorter than on the mainland. A doctor at Hainan Medical University Second Hospital stated that waiting times are half those on the mainland, with higher organ supply rates. Zhu Xiaodan, former Director of the Liver Transplant Department at the General Armed Police Hospital and current Director of the Organ Transplant Department at Hainan People’s Hospital, revealed that Hainan serves as a regional organ coordination hub, linked with Guangxi and Guizhou.

As of March 2022, Hainan Medical University Second Hospital performed 106 liver transplants, and from January to September 2022, 154 organ failure patients completed transplants. This growth rate suggests an abnormal organ supply, unexplainable by a voluntary donation system.

IV. Case Study: Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital

1. Transplant Strategy Under Zheng Shusen’s Leadership

Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital has become China’s leading transplant center under Zheng Shusen’s leadership, who served as President from 1997. Zheng prioritized organ transplantation as the hospital’s core development strategy, making it the facility with the largest and most diverse transplant program, including livers, kidneys, hearts, lungs, and pancreases.

Zheng also served as Vice Chairman and Chairman of the Zhejiang Anti-Cult Association (2007-2017), a CCP organization targeting Falun Gong. His dual role raises suspicions about his involvement in using organs from Falun Gong practitioners. Zheng’s transplant strategy included:

Comprehensive Layout: Developing a multi-organ transplant system.
High Surgical Capacity: Performing five major transplants in six hours (2016) and 14 in 48 hours (2017).
Multi-Site Network: Dividing functions between regions, e.g., Qingchun Road for liver transplants and Zhijiang for kidney transplants.
Internationalization: Collaborating with institutions like UCLA and Stanford.

2. Organ Transplantation as the Core of Hospital Development

Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital prioritized resources for organ transplantation, with notable figures:

By 2017, it performed over 5,200 kidney transplants, 2,200 liver transplants, and over 1,000 bone marrow transplants.
By 2023, its kidney disease center reached 8,000 kidney transplants, leading globally.

The hospital expanded with new sites in Yuhang and Zhijiang, with over 2,000 beds, primarily for transplants. This growth is disproportionate to the voluntary organ supply.

3. Promoting BRI Medical Initiatives

Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital actively participated in BRI medical initiatives, including:

Joining international medical alliances like the China-Central and Eastern Europe Hospital Cooperation Alliance.
Training international personnel and signing agreements with institutions like Semmelweis University (Hungary).
Collaborating on research with organizations like the Pasteur Institute (France) and Kiel University (Germany).
Performing living-donor liver transplants in Indonesia, setting a precedent.

4. Cooperation with Prestigious International Organizations

The hospital established partnerships with leading institutions like UCLA, Stanford, and Cleveland Clinic. Its collaboration with UCLA since 2005 has enabled access to advanced transplant techniques, providing a veneer of legitimacy to its transplant system.

5. Suspicions About Organ Sources and Investigation Evidence

WOIPFG investigations revealed numerous irregularities at Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital:

Abnormal Transplant Volumes: From December 2017 to May 2018, Zheng Shusen’s surgical team performed 545 liver and kidney transplants, using 560 organs.
Short Waiting Times: Waiting times of 1-2 weeks, sometimes one day.
Young, High-Quality Organs: The hospital could provide organs from young donors within a month.
High Surgical Frequency: Performing 14 transplants in 48 hours, indicating a predictable and controlled organ supply.

Zheng’s role in the Zhejiang Anti-Cult Association, combined with evidence of transplant volumes and timing, suggests the hospital may be involved in live organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners.

V. Organ Sharing Mechanism with Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan

1. Expanding COTRS to Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan

The China Organ Transplant Response System (COTRS) has been extended to serve residents of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. In 2014, Huang Jiefu visited Taiwan to promote a “cross-strait transplant platform” to export organs from the mainland to Taiwan. In 2017, the China Organ Transplantation Development Foundation signed an organ-sharing agreement with the Macau Health Bureau. By 2023, over 3,500 Hong Kong residents registered for organs via COTRS, with nearly 1,000 receiving transplants.

2. Analysis of Key Hospitals Serving Taiwanese Patients

Sun Yat-sen University First Hospital in Guangzhou is the primary destination for Taiwanese patients, with 78 recorded transplant cases from 2015-2018. Dr. Yuan Xiaopeng performed 66 kidney transplants for Taiwanese patients, with an abnormal surgical frequency. Nanjing Military Region General Hospital in Fuzhou is another key destination, with Dr. Tan Jianming reportedly performing thousands of transplants for Taiwanese patients.

3. Organ Transplant Support Mechanism Between Hong Kong and the Mainland

In 2023, Hong Kong and the mainland began establishing a regular organ transplant support mechanism. The Hong Kong Health Bureau announced plans for a cross-border organ-sharing mechanism, allowing organs to be used across regions when no local matches are available, facilitating Hong Kong’s access to mainland organs.

4. Shenzhen Hospital: Radiation Hub for Hong Kong

Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, due to its proximity to Hong Kong, has become a transplant hub for Hong Kong residents. It attracted top experts from Shanghai and Tianjin, performing over 858 transplants by 2023, with a capacity of 600 cases annually.

5. Transplant Services in Fujian for Taiwan

Fujian, due to its proximity to Taiwan, is a key destination for Taiwanese patients. Xiamen University Xiang’an Hospital performed over 450 liver and kidney transplants since 2019, with an abnormal frequency, such as 26 cases in 30 days. Dr. Peng Zhihai, Director of the Organ Transplant Center, admitted in a telephone investigation to using organs from Falun Gong practitioners.

VI. Status of Organ Transplant Tourism to China

1. Hospitals Establishing International Medical Departments

Many major Chinese hospitals have set up international medical departments to serve foreign patients, such as Peking University International Hospital, Beijing Friendship Hospital, and China Medical University First Hospital. These departments offer comprehensive services from consultation to surgery and recovery, with multilingual staff.

2. Patients from South Korea, Japan, and the Middle East

Patients from South Korea, Japan, and the Middle East are primary clients of China’s organ transplant tourism industry. A 2017 investigation by South Korea’s Chosun Ilbo revealed that the Tianjin Oriental Organ Transplant Center had a dedicated area for foreign patients, performing hundreds of transplants annually. Patients could receive organs within days to weeks by contributing to the hospital’s fund.

3. Anomalies at County-Level Hospitals

Some county-level hospitals, like Taiping People’s Hospital in Dongguan, participate in transplant tourism. This hospital performed over 3,000 kidney transplants by 2007, with patients from over 10 countries and regions, including South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan.

4. International Patients at Second-Tier City Hospitals

Hospitals in second-tier cities, like Dongfeng General Hospital, also attract international patients. This hospital performed over 1,000 transplants, with patients from Hong Kong, Tibet, and Xinjiang.

VII. Organ Transplant Chain in BRI Countries

1. Investigation of Organ Trafficking in KK Industrial Park, Myawaddy, Myanmar

The KK Industrial Park in Myawaddy, Myanmar, promoted by the CCP as a key BRI project, is a hub for human trafficking and organ trading. Chinese state-owned enterprises, such as Xi’an Construction Group and China Railway 20, are involved in its development. Reports from Radio Free Asia and Taiwanese media indicate that this area is a final destination for trafficking victims, where their organs are harvested, and bodies are disposed of at sea.

2. Analysis of Organ Harvesting Price List in Cambodia

A price list for live organ harvesting in Cambodia, published by Taiwanese media, shows organs like hearts, livers, and kidneys priced up to $840,000. Cambodia, a CCP ally, has become an organ trafficking hub, linked to the KK area in Myanmar.

3. Exporting Transplant Technology to Developing Countries

The CCP has exported transplant technology to BRI countries, such as Sri Lanka, through hospital construction and doctor training. For example, the China-Sri Lanka Friendship Hospital performed its first living-donor kidney transplant in 2022.

4. Impact of International Training Projects

International training projects, like the 2023 Chengdu liver microsurgery training program, have helped the CCP expand its influence in organ transplantation. However, these programs increase the risk of spreading live organ harvesting to countries with weak legal systems.

VIII. Key Figures in the BRI Organ Transplant Cooperation Alliance

1. Zheng Shusen: Chinese Chairman

Zheng Shusen, former President of Zhejiang University Medical Hospital and Chairman of the Zhejiang Anti-Cult Association, is a central figure in internationalizing organ transplantation. He performed over 3,300 liver transplants, far exceeding legitimate organ supply. His dual role in medicine and Falun Gong persecution raises suspicions of involvement in live organ harvesting.

2. Huang Jiefu: Promoter of International Cooperation

Huang Jiefu actively promoted the CCP’s transplant model internationally, making contradictory statements about organ sources and transplant tourism. He played a key role in linking transplantation to the BRI and promoting organ-sharing mechanisms with Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

3. Role of Hospital Presidents and Transplant Experts

Experts like Zhu Jiye, Peng Zhihai, Tan Jianming, and Pan Guanghui contributed to expanding the transplant model internationally through training and cooperation. Some are accused of using organs from Falun Gong practitioners.

4. Accountability

Holding individuals accountable is challenging due to CCP information control. However, measures like international wanted lists, academic sanctions, and third-country litigation could pressure these individuals.

IX. Summary and Evidence Analysis

1. Evidence from Telephone Investigations

WOIPFG collected 866 investigation recordings, with 66 directly confirming or implying the use of organs from Falun Gong practitioners. Evidence includes admissions from doctors and senior officials like Zhang Gaoli and Zhou Yongkang.

2. Contradictions Between Official and Actual Data

Official donation data cannot explain the actual transplant volume, short waiting times, and ability to schedule surgeries on demand, indicating an illegitimate organ supply.

3. Link Between Hospital Expansion and Transplant Scale

The rapid expansion of transplant hospitals, like Zhejiang University Medical Hospital and Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, shows the CCP’s plan to significantly increase transplant numbers, far exceeding voluntary donation capacity.

4. Reports from Media and International Organizations

Reports from South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and organizations like the China Tribunal and CECC confirm irregularities in China’s transplant system, supporting this report’s findings.

X. Conclusions and Recommendations

1. Core Issues

China’s organ transplant system relies on an opaque organ source, primarily from Falun Gong practitioners.
Unusually short waiting times and transplant volumes exceed legitimate supply.
The CCP uses the BRI to export its live organ harvesting model, risking its spread.

2. Necessary Actions by the International Community

Strengthen international legal frameworks to punish live organ harvesting crimes.
Establish an independent UN investigation mechanism.
Impose sanctions on involved individuals and organizations.
Restrict transplant tourism and enhance oversight.

3. Protecting Victims’ Rights

Establish an international database of organ harvesting victims.
Provide legal, psychological, and financial support to victims’ families.
Create mechanisms for compensation and commemoration of victims.

4. Future Investigation Directions

Further study the COTRS system and BRI transplant projects.
Monitor international patient flows and transplant drug supply chains.
Investigate organ trafficking networks in Myanmar and Cambodia.

XI. Appendix

1. Key Investigation Recordings

Recording 1: Doctor at Hainan Medical University Second Hospital confirms shorter waiting times than the mainland.
Recording 2: Zhu Xiaodan admits Hainan is a regional organ coordination hub.
Recording 3: Peng Zhihai admits to using organs from Falun Gong practitioners.

2. Related Official Documents

“Kunming Consensus” (2019).
China Human Organ Transplantation Ordinance (2007).
Regulations on Organ Procurement and Allocation Management (2010).

3. List of Involved Hospitals and Doctors

Hospitals: Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University First Hospital, Kunming First People’s Hospital, etc.
Doctors: Zheng Shusen, Huang Jiefu, Peng Zhihai, Zhu Jiye, etc.

4. International Legal References

UN Convention Against Organ Trafficking (2018).
Istanbul Declaration (2008).
U.S. Anti-Organ Harvesting Bill (2023).

This bulletin provides a comprehensive overview of the CCP’s organ transplant system and its connection to the BRI, urging the international community to act to stop the crime of live organ harvesting.